Great Conductors: Willem Mengelberg (1871-1951)
BACH: St Matthew Passion Suite No. 2 Air from Suite No.
3 Concerto for Two Violins
Johann Sebastian Bach moved to Leipzig in 1723 when he
became an employee of the Town Council as Thomaskantor. The following year the
first version of the composer's St John Passion was performed on Good Friday
but for the revival in 1725 Bach made a number of revisions. For the ensuing
year F. N. Braun's setting of the St Mark Passion was presented, with additions
by Bach. For Good Friday 1727 the Thomaskantor directed the première of his St
Matthew Passion in its first version. Two years later the work was repeated but
then remained unheard until 1736 when a revised score was used. Bach's own
final version is based on his own hand-written autograph that he prepared
immediately after the 1736 performance.
The
purpose of the Passion is to portray the events in the life of Jesus Christ
during the Holy Week leading up to Good Friday and the Crucifixion. By the
seventeenth century Passions were being written for settings in both Latin and
the local language of a given composer. In Germany Johann Walther (1496-1570)
began adapting texts into the vernacular in an attempt to bring the story to a
wider audience.
The
St Matthew Passion is designed on a large scale. The composer calls for two
four-part choruses, with an additional soprano ripieno choir in the opening
movement, two orchestras comprising pairs of flutes and oboes, a bassoon,
strings and organ. Also included are parts for a viola da gamba, two recorders
and three differing types of oboe. Then there are solo parts for soprano, alto,
tenor and bass, with an Evangelist who acts as a narrator (a tenor part) and
Jesus (a bass). There is also an array of lesser characters that come and go in
the action. The composer then deploys his choral forces with a precise plan:
the two main choirs, when used separately, represent in turn the twelve
disciples and a wider group of believers: but when these forces participate in
crowd choruses they represent the throng. They also join forces as a double
chorus in the opening chorus of the Passion and in the fifteen chorales. In
order to heighten the dramatic story Bach, and his regular supplier of texts
Picander (the nom de poesie for Christan Friedrich Henrici), interpolate a
number of chorales, accompanied recitatives and fifteen arias. The choice of
where and when these insertions are made is one of great skill and perception,
contributing to the overall spiritual quality of the work.
After
the opening large scale double chorus, there follows the anointing of the feet,
the betrayal by Judas, the Last Supper with his disciples, the agony of Jesus
on the Mount of Olives, and the capture of Jesus. The second part opens with
the Faithful and Zion, the silence of Jesus when questioned, the weeping of
Peter; the scourging of Jesus, Simon of Cyrene and the Cross, the Crucifixion,
the taking down of Christ's body, and the placing of the body in the tomb.
Before
his death in 1750 Bach's compositional style of his mature years was becoming
out of date and his works soon dropped out of the performing repertoire. The
first revival of the St Matthew Passion took place under the composer Felix
Mendelssohn in 1829 with a chorus of almost 160 voices. The size of the
orchestral forces used is uncertain but it was no doubt larger than those
earlier employed by Bach, and it has been suggested that the oboi da caccia
were replaced by clarinets.
To
mark the centenary of the composer's death the Bach Gesellschaft was founded in
1850 to undertake the publication of his music in accurate performing editions.
Despite its valiant attempts, however, the style of interpretation over the
ensuing century would remain firmly based in the nineteenth century, with large
choral and orchestral forces, invariably using inaccurate and corrupted texts.
No serious attempts were made to adopt a return to the concepts of an
eighteenth-century performing practice until the last fifty years. Today it is
unlikely that any conductor would dare to offer a performance that did not
follow the accepted Bachian principles of style.
The
first complete recording of the St Matthew Passion (incidentally, sung in
English) had been made at a concert in Boston in the spring of 1937 under Serge
Koussevizky on 27 78 rpm discs. Sadly it exhibited both poor recorded sound and
very variable standards of performance. Earlier studio attempts had comprised
only extended highlights from the score. Quite a number of the individual solo
arias had been made by a variety of artists in both American and Europe in
addition to several of the chorales and chorus.
Willem
Mengelberg's interpretation, which he had given in Amsterdam every year since
1899, upheld the old, monumental tradition of Bach performing style. It must be
conceded that of its kind his reading is exceedingly impressive, even if the
sentimental and almost stagnating allargandi to which the conductor is addicted
detracts from total acceptance of the performance. There is, however, an almost
spiritual intensity, real poignancy and commitment by all those taking part in
this 1939 event which has rarely been captured since. It is almost as if
everyone concerned knew that would it be the last that the conductor and
soloists, chorus and orchestra would give before the catastrophic events that
would overtake Europe in the coming September of that same year. At the time of
this performance Karl Erb was aged 63, Ilona Durigo 57, the remainder of the
soloists in their early-to-middle forties. Thus the soloists were indeed highly
experienced and admired artists of their day. The two soloists in the Double
Concerto were joint leaders of the Concertgebouw during the Mengelberg era.
Louis Zimmermann (1873-1953) also recorded the Beethoven Violin Concerto under
the Dutch conductor in addition to a number of shorter works with piano.
Ferdinand Hellmann, who premièred the Hindemith Violin Concerto in March 1940,
also recorded the Vivaldi Concerto Op. 3 No. 8 with Zimmermann.
The
lack of the name of the solo flautist in the Second Suite is because Mengelberg
augmented the flute part using two instrumentalists in order to achieve a
better balance with the larger romantic-sized orchestra.
The
role of the Evangelist was taken by the German tenor Karl Erb (1877-1958). A
native of Ravensburg, he was originally a council employee; his voice was
discovered by the director of the Stuttgart Royal Opera. As a singer he was
largely self-taught and it was not until he was nearly thirty that he embarked
upon a professional career. Having made his debut in Stuttgart in 1907, Erb
then sang in Lübeck (1908-10), Stuttgart (1910-13) and Munich (1913-25). He was
much admired as a Mozart singer but operatically he is best remembered for his
interpretation of the title rôle of Pftitzner's Palestrina. An accident to his
back in 1930 brought his premature retirement from the stage but Erb's career
continued on the concert platform in oratorio and Lieder. His expressive and
intimate interpretation of the Evangelist was widely admired in its day, even
if his vocal quality sounds somewhat nasal and limited in range. He was greatly
respected as a Lieder singer as his many fine recordings of the 1930s
illustrate. His last recordings were of Schubert Lieder, made when he was
approaching 75. He was married for a time to the soprano Maria Ivogün.
The
Dutch bass Willem Ravelli (1892-1980) sang the part of Jesus. Having made his
operatic debut in Richard Strauss's Salome in 1917, the singer is best recalled
as an oratorio performer. He sang the part of Christus on more than four
hundred occasions. He was a member of the Hollansch Vocaal Kwartet and as such
appeared in a number of European countries.
The
soprano Jo Vincent (1898-1989) was one of the best known and admired Dutch
singers of her time. Born in Amsterdam, she made her debut in 1920 and first
sang with the Concertgebouw Orchestra under Mengelberg five years later. Her
bright and attractive voice was ideally suited to the field of oratorio and
song on the concert platform where she became immensely popular. Her single
operatic rôle was that of the Countess in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro. She was
forced into premature retirement during the German occupation of Holland but
was able to resume her career in 1945 until she finally retired in 1953 in
order to teach at the Haarlem Conservatory. She recorded prolifically for both
EMI and Philips.
The
Hungarian contralto Ilona Durigo (1881-1943) was born in Budapest. Originally
she studied the piano but later turned to singing, studying first in her home
city and later in Vienna. Although she made her debut in 1906, she continued
her studies in Berlin in 1908. Her sole stage appearance was in the title rôle
of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice in Frankfurt in October 1912, the remainder of the
career was devoted to the concert platform. Durigo sang widely throughout
Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland, basing herself in
Zurich and becoming much admired for her interpretation of the songs of Othmar
Schoeck and Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde. She possessed a sensuous contralto
voice with a dark timbre. Between 1921 and 1937 Durigo taught at the Zurich
Conservatory, where her pupils included the soprano Maria Stader. Following her
marriage in 1937 she returned to Budapest to teach, until her death.
The
Dutch tenor Louis van Tulder (1892-1969) was born in Amsterdam. He came from a
large Roman Catholic family, being the tenth child. He sang as a treble and
continued as a tenor when his voice broke. His debut was in Haydn's Die
Jahreszeiten in 1912 when the tenor who had been engaged fell ill during the
performance. From 1916 he was a principal tenor at the Netherlands Opera where his
rôles included the title-rôle in Gounod's Faust, Lionel in Martha and Rodolfo
in La Bohème, but left after five years for a career on the concert platform.
His European engagements included regular concerts in Germany. He formed the
Hollansch Vocaal Kwartet with the soprano Jo Vincent, the contralto Suze
Luger-van Beuge and the bass Willem Ravelli. Van Tulder took part in Bach's St
Matthew Passion on over five hundred occasions, many of which were as the
Evangelist. Retiring in 1950, he later taught and conducted various choral
organizations. He died following a car accident in Hilversum. He recorded for
Columbia and Philips.
The
bass-baritone Hermann Schey (1895-1981) was born in Bunzlau in Silesia. His
musical training was in Berlin but he was drafted into the German army in 1915.
His career began in 1922 as an oratorio and concert singer and took him all
over Europe, including Poland, Russia and the Balkan states, before coming to
Amsterdam, where he sang Mahler's Kindertotenlieder under Mengelberg. This
resulted in Schey taking part in the annual performances of the St Matthew
Passion under the Dutch conductor. Being Jewish he went into hiding during the
period of the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. Resuming his career in 1946,
Schey continued to sing throughout Europe before a poignant but triumphant tour
of Israel in 1968. After retiring he taught singing in Switzerland until his
death. His earliest recordings were for Odeon, then Polydor, Christschall and
Concert Hall.
In
his book The Orchestra Speaks (1938, London) the author, the viola player
Bernard Shore, wrote of the Dutch conductor Willem Mengelberg; "His
interpretations, intensely personal and vivid, have great conviction behind
them. Though he may depart from the directions of the composer, audience and
orchestra alike are carried away by the grip and mastery of it all". Born in
Utrecht in 1871 where he first studied, Mengelberg went to the Hochschüle für
Musik in Cologne to continue piano, composition and orchestral conducting.
After making his conducting debut in Lucerne in 1891, it was four years later
that he became conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, a post he
would hold for fifty years until his dismissal after the Second World War. A
turning-point in his career came with his meeting with Gustav Mahler, a
composer of whom Mengelberg became a much-admired interpreter. Between 1907 and
1920 he also directed the Frankfurt Museum concerts and between 1921 and 1929
he was joint conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of New York. His
dismissal from the Concertgebouw in 1945 was because of his naïve co-operation
with the Nazi occupiers during the years 1940-44. Banned from conducting until
1951, he died in Switzerland that year. Ever the controversial and creative interpreter,
Mengelberg was often cavalier in his changes to scores, believing that the
conductor must assist the creator and claiming that faithfulness to the notes
was a recent invention. He thought nothing of employing rubati, making changes
to dynamics and the doubling of woodwind instruments. Whatever one might think
of the Dutchman's music making, Mengelberg remains one of the finest
representatives of the Romantic tradition of conductors, his interpretations
extracting the full gamut of emotional power from the score.
Malcolm Walker
Producer's Note
Mengelberg's live recording of the St Matthew Passion was
originally made by the Dutch Radio Broadcasting Union using the Philips Miller
sound recording system. This technology employed a black-coated celluloid film
onto which the recording was etched using a sapphire chisel-type stylus and
read back via an optical photocell (not unlike the method used by film
soundtracks). This system allowed for longer takes and a wider frequency range
than commercial 78 rpm discs of the period. (A fascinating website devoted to
the technological aspects of this particular recording can be found at http://www.xs4all.nl/~rabruil/philmil.html).
To be sure, the results were not perfect. There are
occasional sudden volume level changes, sputtering sounds, distortion and
jarring edits, not all of which could be eliminated. At its best, however, the
sound approaches the level of early 1950s tape recordings, and enables us to
hear Mengelberg's forces with an often striking presence.
The conductor chose to omit several numbers from his
performance of the Passion. The largest cut begins in the middle of No. 49 and
jumps to No. 54. In Philips' most recent CD reissue (part of their "Duo"
series), further numbers were cut in order to fit the performance onto two
discs. Here, it has been presented in its entirety as originally released,
filled out with Mengelberg's complete commercial recordings of the works of J.
S. Bach.
For this reissue, the Passion was transferred from Dutch
LPs. The sources for the second orchestral Suite were the best sides from two
copies of U.S. Columbia shellac pressings ("Full-Range" and "Large" label
editions). The New York recording of the Air from the Third Suite came from a
U.S. Victor "Z" pressing, while the Concertgebouw remake was taken from a
French Telefunken 78. The Double Concerto was restored from an unedited open
reel tape provided to me a decade ago by John Toczek, from whose collection the
ultra-rare Dutch Decca discs came.
Mark Obert-Thorn